The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. ^ a b c d e f g h Marcuse, Sibyl (1975).It is set up in a triangular format so that the end portion of each string can be bowed. In the 20th century, the bowed psaltery came into wide use. In the 19th century, several related zithers came into use, notably the guitar zither and the autoharp. As a result, they have much higher string tension and heavier frames.
They differ in that the player strikes the strings with small hammers rather than plucking them. The hammered dulcimer and related instruments such as the santur, cimbalom, yangqin, and khim, appear very similar to psalteries and it is often hard to tell which one historical images represent. While psalteries had largely died out in Europe by the 19th century, the salterio remained common in Mexico well into the twentieth century and is still played in some regional styles. Stings could run in courses, as viewed in the middle-ages artwork. The psalterion decacordum was shaped like a square and had ten strings strung vertically. Shapes included "triangular, trapezoidal, semitrapezoidal, wing shaped, or harp shaped". Examples found in one reference book, the Groves New Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, show examples in paintings from the 9th century Carolingian Empire Benedictine Psalter, in 13th century Spain (in the Cantigas de Santa Maria), in Bohemia in the 14th century, in Italy in the 14th century, and Germany in the 15th century. Medieval and Renaissance psalteries įrom the 12th through the 15th centuries, psalteries are widely seen in manuscripts, paintings and sculpture throughout Europe. The psaltery has been compared to the harpsichord and dulcimer, though some forms of the latter are not plucked, but struck with hammers. The strings of the medieval instrument were usually made of metal, unlike the finger-plucked harp, strung with catgut, and played using a plectrum or “pick.” The harp is strung with a single string for each tone, open to be plucked from either side of the instrument a psaltery may have multiple strings for each tone, strung across a soundboard. The box-zither psalteries may have a Phoenician origin.
While the Greek instruments were harps, psaltery came to mean instruments that were strung across a resonating wood box. In the King James Bible "psaltery", and its plural, "psalteries", are used to translate several words from the Hebrew Bible whose meaning is now unknown. The word psaltery derives from the Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον ( psaltḗrion), "stringed instrument, psaltery, harp" and that from the verb ψάλλω ( psállō), "to touch sharply, to pluck, pull, twitch" and in the case of the strings of musical instruments, "to play a stringed instrument with the fingers, and not with the plectrum." The psaltery was originally made from wood, and relied on natural acoustics for sound production. The psaltery of Ancient Greece ( epigonion) was a harp-like stringed instrument. The three sided instruments were popular in parts of the church for their symbolic three sides, reminder of the Trinity. These psalteries were known as the "rote" or a variation of that name. They used the top-horizontal side used to hold the tuning pegs. Psalteries in a triangular shape were confused with harps at times.
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